Something weird is up with La Niña, the natural but potent weather event linked to more drought and wildfires in the western United States and more Atlantic hurricanes. It’s becoming the nation’s unwanted weather guest and meteorologists said the West’s megadrought won’t go away until La Niña does.
The current double-dip La Niña set a record for strength last month and is forecast to likely be around for a rare but not quite unprecedented third straight winter. And it’s not just this one. Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to and that is just the opposite of what their best computer model simulations say should be happening with human-caused climate change.
“They (La Niñas) don’t know when to leave,” said Michelle L’Heureux, head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration forecast office for La Nina and its more famous flip side, El Niño.
An Associated Press statistical analysis of winter La Niñas show that they used to happen about 28% of the time from 1950 to 1999, but in the past 25 winters, they’ve been brewing nearly half the time. There’s a small chance that this effect could be random, but if the La Niña sticks around this winter, as forecast, that would push the trend over the statistically significant line, which is key in science, said L’Heureux. Her own analysis shows that La Niña-like conditions are occurring more often in the last 40 years. Other new studies are showing similar patterns.
What’s bothering many scientists is that their go-to climate simulation models that tend to get conditions right over the rest of the globe predict more El Niños, not La Niñas, and that’s causing contention in the climate community about what to believe, according to Columbia University climate scientist Richard Seager and MIT hurricane scientist Kerry Emanuel.
What Seager and other scientists said is happening is that the eastern equatorial Atlantic is not warming as fast as the western equatorial Atlantic or even the rest of the world with climate change. And it’s not the amount of warming that matters but the difference between the west and east. The more the difference, the more likely a La Niña, the less the difference, the more likely an El Niño. Scientists speculate it could be related to another natural cycle, called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, or it could be caused by human-caused climate change or both.
“At this point we just don't know,” L'Heureux said. “Scientists are watching and I know, are actively studying. But it’s really important because of regional conditions. We need to get this right.”
La Niña is a natural and cyclical cooling of parts of the equatorial Pacific that changes weather patterns worldwide, as opposed to El Niño’s warming. Often leading to more Atlantic hurricanes, less rain and more wildfires in the West and agricultural losses in the middle of the country, studies have shown La Niña is more expensive to the United States than the El Niño. Together El Niño, La Niña and the neutral condition are called ENSO, which stands for El Niño Southern Oscillation, and they have one of the largest natural effects on climate, at times augmenting and other times dampening the big effects of human-caused climate change from the burning of coal, oil and gas, scientists said.
“They really have a very, very strong” effect, said research scientist Azhar Ehsan, who heads Columbia University’s El Nino/La Nina forecasting. “So a third consecutive La Niña is not at all a welcome thing.”
He said the dangerous heat in India and Pakistan this month and in April is connected to La Niña.
The current La Niña formed in the late summer of 2020 when the Atlantic set a record for the number of named storms. It strengthened in the winter when the West’s drought worsened and in the early summer of 2021 it weakened enough that NOAA said conditions were neutral. But that pause only lasted a few months and by early fall 2021 La Niña was back, making it a double dip.
Normally second years of La Niña tend to be weaker, but in April this La Niña surprised meteorologists by setting a record for intensity in April, which is based on sea surface temperatures, Ehsan said.
“These are very impressive values for April,” L’Heureux said. Still, because La Niñas historically weaken over summer and there are slight signs that this one may be easing a bit, there’s the small but increasing chance that this La Niña could warm just enough to be considered neutral in late summer.
La Niña has its biggest effect in the winter and that’s when it is a problem for the West because it’s the rainy season that is supposed to recharge area reservoirs. But the West is in a 22-year megadrought, about the same time period of increasing La Niña frequency.
Three factors — ENSO, climate change and randomness — are biggest when it comes to the drought, which is itself a huge trigger for massive wildfires, said UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain. Without climate change, La Niña and bad luck could have made the drought the worst in 300 years but with climate change it’s the worst in at least 1,200 years, said UCLA climate hydrologist Park Williams.
La Niña “is a pretty important player; it may be the dominant player,” said Swain, who has a blog on Western weather. “It could be responsible for one-third, maybe one-half of the given conditions if it is pronounced enough.”
“It’s much less likely that the Southwest will see at least even a partial recovery from the megadrought during La Niña,” Swain said.
La Niña “amps up your Atlantic storms” but decreases them in the Pacific, said Colorado State University hurricane researcher Phil Klotzbach.
It’s all about winds 6 to 7 miles (10 to 12 kilometers) above the water surface. One of the key factors in storm development is whether there is wind shear, which are changes in wind from high to low elevations. Wind shear can decapitate or tip over hurricanes, making them hard to strengthen and at times even stick around. Wind shear can also let dry air into hurricanes that chokes them.
When there’s an El Niño, there’s lots of Atlantic wind shear and it’s hard for hurricanes to get going. But La Niña means little wind shear in the Atlantic, making it easier for storms to intensify and do it quickly, said University of Albany hurricane researcher Kristen Corbosiero.
“That’s a really huge factor,” Corbosiero said.
“Whatever is the cause, the increasing incidence of La Niñas may be behind the increasing hurricanes,” MIT’s Emanuel said.
Some areas like eastern Australia and the arid Sahel region of Africa do better with more rain during La Niña. India and Pakistan, even though they get extra spring heat, also receive more needed rain in La Niñas, Columbia’s Ehsan said.
A 1999 economic study found that drought from La Niña cost the United States agriculture between $2.2 billion to $6.5 billion, which is far more than the $1.5 billion cost of El Niño. A neutral ENSO is best for agriculture.
Columbia’s Seager said even though there may be some chance and some natural cycles behind the changes in La Niña, because there's likely a climate change factor he thinks there will probably be more of them.
